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YOGYA -TERNATE, DIY, Indonesia
ORANGNYA SANTAI, TAMPIL APA ADANYA, SENENG YANG SIMPEL2, DAN YANG PRAKTIS AJA, KALO SOAL KEBIJAKAN SAYA ORANGNYA CUKUP CEPAT DAN TEGAS

Selasa, 21 Oktober 2008

Products

Building envelope

Acoustic insulation

RainKeeper: The clear choice in Rainwater Harvesting

The RainKeeper System makes it simple and affordable to collect and use the abundant supply of naturally pure and soft rainwater that falls on your roof every time it rains. The shortage and cost of producing purified water for drinking is a growing problem, yet every day a large percentage of this treated water is wasted in homes and industry on uses such as toilet flushing, laundry, pool and hot tub filling, car washing, fire suppression, and lawn and garden watering.

As easy as one, two, three:
From 50 gallon rain barrels to 50,000 gallon tanks, Stark Environmental can provide the technology and knowledge to assemble a nearly maintenance-free rainwater harvesting system suitable for most household and business needs.

1: RainKeeper self-cleaning filter.
2: Calmed inlet.
3: Floating intake.
4: Overflow Siphon.
5: Infiltration.
6: Integration controller.
7: Electronic pump control.
8: Pump.
9: Pressure tank.
10: Rainwater for washer, toilets, lawn hydrants, etc.

Thermal insulation

Building boards

Building membranes

Building systems

Building services

Radiant heating

Solar heating

Wood burning stoves

Rainwater harvesting

Water saving - overview

Rainwater harvesting - overview

WISY filter collector

WISY vortex underground filter

WISY floating suction filters

Rainwater storage tanks

Multigo pressure pump

Automatic mains back-up

WCs and urinals

Building interiors

Paints and finishes

Natural flooring

PDF downloads

search

Rainwater harvesting, water re-utilisation and ecological sanitation – further developments

Increasing anthropogenic environmental noxious, the change of soil exploitation and the climate change show a risk to the availability of water resources. Also the insufficient water resources in the single countries, various states of sophistication, social aspects and in many areas the low standard or a not even excisting water and public sewage systems in different parts of the world are responsible for the mean supply of water. Experiences have shown that the water supply as well as the sewage water systems and clearings can not be treaten separately. Even Germany with its high level of technology has to face many problems in this point. The costs of preservation of the physical structures and systems for turning water into drinking water to such a standard which is requested in the German rules are very high. Main reason therefore is the increasing contamination of groundwater and the resulting efforts for the cleaning of "rohwasser". The traditional water-carried waste disposal as a kind of transport medium for faeces- becomes
a critical look in fact of the sustainability. Comparing to the European countries which discuss the sanitary risk already at the point of using rainwater for toilet flushing and washing machine, most other countries will be content to dispose water in such a quality as the mentioned drinking water.

Based on these facts different technical innovations for a lasting water resource management and sewage systems have been developed. Main aspects were the responsible commerce of water, which means a lower consumption and decrease of water contamination as well as a consistent partical flow management.
Whilst Europe focus mainly on technologies for saving water and efficiency of water recycling in all processes - biological, chemical and physical – different parts of the world are still in work for water and public sewage systems in general.
The constitution of new systems also means to renew all kinds of inspections and the modification to the already existing administrative guidelines. In Germany there exist e.g. the "Anschluss- und Benutzungszwang" for properties to the public infrastructure. Therefore many different administrative proceedings will have to be settled for any kind of technical innovations of the water resources management for communities.
So far main points in Germany were to reduce the consumption of drinking water. Technical installations as water saver fittings were a success in the sanitary area. A further important part is the rainwater harvesting and water re-utilisation. Through the substitution of drinking water by rainwater or different systems of grey water recycling, drinking water can be saved in one single household up to 50 %.

Rainwater Harvesting – State of the Technology

Systems of rainwater harvesting were used all around the world with different technical efforts. Reservoirs and transport of water in mainly used in the agricultural area. The utilization of rainwater in the domestic area constantly increases. While in developing countries the rainwater in general is collected on a low-technical standard for domestic applications and on the regional level also as drinking water and for personal hygiene, in other countries the collection of rainwater, predominantly to the industrial countries, becomes a substitution of drinking water, which then will be used for various ranges of application as toilet flushing, washer and garden irrigation. The technology of the rainwater harvesting offers numerous products for different application cases and installation sizes. A wide range of products are manufactured and are offered in the mean time.
The following Illustration 1 shows a rainwater installation used in the domestiv area/household according to the state of the technology.



Illustration 1: Rainwater Harvesting System with Ground Reservoir

This installation is essentially based on 2 modules. The illustration shows a central rainwater system in a domestic area, combining a pump, a supplemental feed module and the system control unit. It also shows reservoir modul, which integrates the reservoir, quiescent supply, removal line, overflow and filter completely.
The modular construction enables complete, industrially prefabricated arrangements parts finished with connection in different equipment variants and price ranges to produce. So far the possibility is given to combine different components which are to be started if necessary with alternative sanitary systems meaningfully. Numerous physical-chemical and hygienic examinations/tests prove that the quality of the rainwater from these kinds of installations is suitable according to the state of the technology to use the water for the toilet flushing, washing machine, the garden irrigation and for cleaning purposes.

Turning Rainwater into Drinking Water

With water treatment systems as e.g. of Aqua Sure, The Netherlands rainwater can be proceeded into drinking water quality. Through the storage of rainwater and subsequent proceeding, these systems offer possibilities to construct public drinking water systems to smaller communities and villages or at least at the domestic area. These systems are mainly designed for regions, which do not dispose of a drinking water infrastructure. The following pictures show a water treat system, which works with the usual process of drinking water recycling as pre-infiltration, adsorption, ion exchange and disinfection. The tool is build up on a modulare basis an works on a 40 l/h capacity. This is equal to satisfy the daily supply of a family.



Illustration 2: Rainwater Treatment Technology RainPC, Type AquaSure bv, The Netherlands

Whilst countries with sufficient water resources the supply with drinking water does not show the main problem, regions with less water resources rainwater these becomes an important aspect referring to the daily water supply. By using the new developed, dezentral Wasseraufbereitungsgeräten rainwater can be turned into drinking water.
The use of rainwater in addition /as a supplement to process water, for cool systems and cleaning purposes and other applications in the commercial or industrial areas is already implemented in a lot of cases. Here, first of all, economic reasons were the clincher. Dependent on the fees for drinking water water and the connection on the public sewage water systems these investments amortize themselves in relatively short intervals.
The image shows a sample of an installation for the commercial area.



Illustration 3: Rainwater Harvesting, an example for a commercial area

Grey water-reuse – State of the Technology

An increasingly more important role is ascribed to the grey water reuse by the development of a sustainable water resource management. Water recycling in the domestic area is not basically new, but the comfort claims and the lifetime habits concerning water and body hygiene have strongly changed compared to the past times. The water-consumption has risen in this area definitely.
Today water recycling means to grasp and to treat slightly loaded domestic sewage water (grey water) and sewage contaminated with faeces (black water) separatly. Typically grey water is such water as the drain of bathes and shower sewage, washing table and the washing machine. In a water-saving household in Europe approx. 50 to 55 l of grey water are consumpted per day and person.
In fact of the low nutrient content a simple biological cleaning will satisfy the expectations. Based on the daily personal hygiene grey water continuous comes up not depending on any kind of weather influences. The arisin grey water can be grabed to quality of process water, which gives the possibility to use this water for toilette flushing, washing machines as well as for watering demands. Grey water systems can be implemented decentralized as well as centralized. Decentralized grey water installations are, e.g. installations which process the grey water in the point of origin during central arrangements will bring the water from several housing units together and process them. The grey water use assumes a functioning drinking water supply system to use the water by cycle guidance repeatedly. The following image shows a grey water installation in a new built housing area with 120 units at Bejing, China.



Illustration 4: Grey water system with system control unit, Type (IRM®-MAX) in Beijing, China

Ecological Sanitation

The ecosan concepts is based on a consistent separation of partical flow. The recycling of nutrients taken from the sewage of domestic areas is most important. Analyses of partial flow show, that the nutrients are from the human excretions urine and faeces. For the further use of these nutrients special technologies are necessary to reduce and avoid the dilution of the partial flow. By the use of special sanitary systems as separation toilets, vakuum toilets and compost toilets the separation of the partial flow can be guaranteed. In an optimal case a complete recovery/retrieval of nutrients in the sewage water taken from the domestic area will happen. A further combination of systems for solids und also power generation under assistance of biogas reactors is also possible and have successful happened.

Furter-oriented combinations of rainwater harvesting, grey water utilization and ecosan technologies

Sytems of process water and rainwater harvesting and grey water recycling are already in use and proceeded in different countries. Similar systems are already in use for the ecosan technologies. It is recommendebal to avoid any kind of administrative restraints for the implementation and realisation of new and further oriented innovations in the denzentral
solutions Actual there are multifaceted technologies, which can be accommodated to the individual financial situation of the particular country.
So far systems of rainwater and process water harvesting were successful used in main regions showing an existing drinking water infrastructure and public sewage system. Possibilities of combinations of the suggested systems have to be proven accordingly to the different contraints. For countries with lower rainfall the question of the quantity of collected and stored rainwater has to be clarified. It will also be important to get further information about the annual spread of rainfall, roof and collecting areas/fields as well as about the possibilities to collect and store this water.
It has to be taken care in general that countries which will investigate ground for further communities or villages, especially the developing world with a low budget of water resources, should not work with any kind of Schwemmkanalistaion. The combination of ecosan technologies and grey water recycling should be preferred. The grey
water can be drained in a dezentral soil filter and be trickled down or can be drained into the Vorfluter.
It other regions with other constraints it has to be proven which kind of combination of the single systems will be the most effective. Additional it should be considered that the installations should only use as less energy as possible so this may guarantee that regions without any infrastructure can use this installtions dezentral by photovoltic or biogas installations.

It is also possible that in the sense of economical aspects and in view of an already excisting infrastructure, the combination with rainwater harvesting and grey water recyclingshoul be continued. For the development of the responsible treat with water in municipales in general, the elements of ecosan technologies as well as rainwater harvesting and water re-utilisation systems will become more and more important. The combination of both strategies will be a new task field referring to the planning, installation, operation and maintenance. Therefore further research projekts and modell test are required.

rainwater

The UK practice of using mains water to supply all our water needs is needlessly wasteful, both financially and environmentally. Mains water is expensively purified to drinking water standards - but much of the water is used for non-potable purposes, like flushing toilets, cleaning and gardening. Harvested rainwater can be substituted for mains water, saving money and contributing to the protection of a key natural resource.


Products

Building envelope

Acoustic insulation

RainKeeper: The clear choice in Rainwater Harvesting

The RainKeeper System makes it simple and affordable to collect and use the abundant supply of naturally pure and soft rainwater that falls on your roof every time it rains. The shortage and cost of producing purified water for drinking is a growing problem, yet every day a large percentage of this treated water is wasted in homes and industry on uses such as toilet flushing, laundry, pool and hot tub filling, car washing, fire suppression, and lawn and garden watering.

As easy as one, two, three:
From 50 gallon rain barrels to 50,000 gallon tanks, Stark Environmental can provide the technology and knowledge to assemble a nearly maintenance-free rainwater harvesting system suitable for most household and business needs.

1: RainKeeper self-cleaning filter.
2: Calmed inlet.
3: Floating intake.
4: Overflow Siphon.
5: Infiltration.
6: Integration controller.
7: Electronic pump control.
8: Pump.
9: Pressure tank.
10: Rainwater for washer, toilets, lawn hydrants, etc.


Thermal insulation

Building boards

Building membranes

Building systems

Building services

Radiant heating

Solar heating

Wood burning stoves

Rainwater harvesting

Water saving - overview

Rainwater harvesting - overview

WISY filter collector

WISY vortex underground filter

WISY floating suction filters

Rainwater storage tanks

Multigo pressure pump

Automatic mains back-up

WCs and urinals

Building interiors

Paints and finishes

Natural flooring

PDF downloads

search

Rainwater harvesting, water re-utilisation and ecological sanitation – further developments

Increasing anthropogenic environmental noxious, the change of soil exploitation and the climate change show a risk to the availability of water resources. Also the insufficient water resources in the single countries, various states of sophistication, social aspects and in many areas the low standard or a not even excisting water and public sewage systems in different parts of the world are responsible for the mean supply of water. Experiences have shown that the water supply as well as the sewage water systems and clearings can not be treaten separately. Even Germany with its high level of technology has to face many problems in this point. The costs of preservation of the physical structures and systems for turning water into drinking water to such a standard which is requested in the German rules are very high. Main reason therefore is the increasing contamination of groundwater and the resulting efforts for the cleaning of "rohwasser". The traditional water-carried waste disposal as a kind of transport medium for faeces- becomes
a critical look in fact of the sustainability. Comparing to the European countries which discuss the sanitary risk already at the point of using rainwater for toilet flushing and washing machine, most other countries will be content to dispose water in such a quality as the mentioned drinking water.

Based on these facts different technical innovations for a lasting water resource management and sewage systems have been developed. Main aspects were the responsible commerce of water, which means a lower consumption and decrease of water contamination as well as a consistent partical flow management.
Whilst Europe focus mainly on technologies for saving water and efficiency of water recycling in all processes - biological, chemical and physical – different parts of the world are still in work for water and public sewage systems in general.
The constitution of new systems also means to renew all kinds of inspections and the modification to the already existing administrative guidelines. In Germany there exist e.g. the "Anschluss- und Benutzungszwang" for properties to the public infrastructure. Therefore many different administrative proceedings will have to be settled for any kind of technical innovations of the water resources management for communities.
So far main points in Germany were to reduce the consumption of drinking water. Technical installations as water saver fittings were a success in the sanitary area. A further important part is the rainwater harvesting and water re-utilisation. Through the substitution of drinking water by rainwater or different systems of grey water recycling, drinking water can be saved in one single household up to 50 %.

Rainwater Harvesting – State of the Technology

Systems of rainwater harvesting were used all around the world with different technical efforts. Reservoirs and transport of water in mainly used in the agricultural area. The utilization of rainwater in the domestic area constantly increases. While in developing countries the rainwater in general is collected on a low-technical standard for domestic applications and on the regional level also as drinking water and for personal hygiene, in other countries the collection of rainwater, predominantly to the industrial countries, becomes a substitution of drinking water, which then will be used for various ranges of application as toilet flushing, washer and garden irrigation. The technology of the rainwater harvesting offers numerous products for different application cases and installation sizes. A wide range of products are manufactured and are offered in the mean time.
The following Illustration 1 shows a rainwater installation used in the domestiv area/household according to the state of the technology.



Illustration 1: Rainwater Harvesting System with Ground Reservoir

This installation is essentially based on 2 modules. The illustration shows a central rainwater system in a domestic area, combining a pump, a supplemental feed module and the system control unit. It also shows reservoir modul, which integrates the reservoir, quiescent supply, removal line, overflow and filter completely.
The modular construction enables complete, industrially prefabricated arrangements parts finished with connection in different equipment variants and price ranges to produce. So far the possibility is given to combine different components which are to be started if necessary with alternative sanitary systems meaningfully. Numerous physical-chemical and hygienic examinations/tests prove that the quality of the rainwater from these kinds of installations is suitable according to the state of the technology to use the water for the toilet flushing, washing machine, the garden irrigation and for cleaning purposes.

Turning Rainwater into Drinking Water

With water treatment systems as e.g. of Aqua Sure, The Netherlands rainwater can be proceeded into drinking water quality. Through the storage of rainwater and subsequent proceeding, these systems offer possibilities to construct public drinking water systems to smaller communities and villages or at least at the domestic area. These systems are mainly designed for regions, which do not dispose of a drinking water infrastructure. The following pictures show a water treat system, which works with the usual process of drinking water recycling as pre-infiltration, adsorption, ion exchange and disinfection. The tool is build up on a modulare basis an works on a 40 l/h capacity. This is equal to satisfy the daily supply of a family.



Illustration 2: Rainwater Treatment Technology RainPC, Type AquaSure bv, The Netherlands

Whilst countries with sufficient water resources the supply with drinking water does not show the main problem, regions with less water resources rainwater these becomes an important aspect referring to the daily water supply. By using the new developed, dezentral Wasseraufbereitungsgeräten rainwater can be turned into drinking water.
The use of rainwater in addition /as a supplement to process water, for cool systems and cleaning purposes and other applications in the commercial or industrial areas is already implemented in a lot of cases. Here, first of all, economic reasons were the clincher. Dependent on the fees for drinking water water and the connection on the public sewage water systems these investments amortize themselves in relatively short intervals.
The image shows a sample of an installation for the commercial area.



Illustration 3: Rainwater Harvesting, an example for a commercial area

Grey water-reuse – State of the Technology

An increasingly more important role is ascribed to the grey water reuse by the development of a sustainable water resource management. Water recycling in the domestic area is not basically new, but the comfort claims and the lifetime habits concerning water and body hygiene have strongly changed compared to the past times. The water-consumption has risen in this area definitely.
Today water recycling means to grasp and to treat slightly loaded domestic sewage water (grey water) and sewage contaminated with faeces (black water) separatly. Typically grey water is such water as the drain of bathes and shower sewage, washing table and the washing machine. In a water-saving household in Europe approx. 50 to 55 l of grey water are consumpted per day and person.
In fact of the low nutrient content a simple biological cleaning will satisfy the expectations. Based on the daily personal hygiene grey water continuous comes up not depending on any kind of weather influences. The arisin grey water can be grabed to quality of process water, which gives the possibility to use this water for toilette flushing, washing machines as well as for watering demands. Grey water systems can be implemented decentralized as well as centralized. Decentralized grey water installations are, e.g. installations which process the grey water in the point of origin during central arrangements will bring the water from several housing units together and process them. The grey water use assumes a functioning drinking water supply system to use the water by cycle guidance repeatedly. The following image shows a grey water installation in a new built housing area with 120 units at Bejing, China.



Illustration 4: Grey water system with system control unit, Type (IRM®-MAX) in Beijing, China

Ecological Sanitation

The ecosan concepts is based on a consistent separation of partical flow. The recycling of nutrients taken from the sewage of domestic areas is most important. Analyses of partial flow show, that the nutrients are from the human excretions urine and faeces. For the further use of these nutrients special technologies are necessary to reduce and avoid the dilution of the partial flow. By the use of special sanitary systems as separation toilets, vakuum toilets and compost toilets the separation of the partial flow can be guaranteed. In an optimal case a complete recovery/retrieval of nutrients in the sewage water taken from the domestic area will happen. A further combination of systems for solids und also power generation under assistance of biogas reactors is also possible and have successful happened.

Furter-oriented combinations of rainwater harvesting, grey water utilization and ecosan technologies

Sytems of process water and rainwater harvesting and grey water recycling are already in use and proceeded in different countries. Similar systems are already in use for the ecosan technologies. It is recommendebal to avoid any kind of administrative restraints for the implementation and realisation of new and further oriented innovations in the denzentral
solutions Actual there are multifaceted technologies, which can be accommodated to the individual financial situation of the particular country.
So far systems of rainwater and process water harvesting were successful used in main regions showing an existing drinking water infrastructure and public sewage system. Possibilities of combinations of the suggested systems have to be proven accordingly to the different contraints. For countries with lower rainfall the question of the quantity of collected and stored rainwater has to be clarified. It will also be important to get further information about the annual spread of rainfall, roof and collecting areas/fields as well as about the possibilities to collect and store this water.
It has to be taken care in general that countries which will investigate ground for further communities or villages, especially the developing world with a low budget of water resources, should not work with any kind of Schwemmkanalistaion. The combination of ecosan technologies and grey water recycling should be preferred. The grey
water can be drained in a dezentral soil filter and be trickled down or can be drained into the Vorfluter.
It other regions with other constraints it has to be proven which kind of combination of the single systems will be the most effective. Additional it should be considered that the installations should only use as less energy as possible so this may guarantee that regions without any infrastructure can use this installtions dezentral by photovoltic or biogas installations.

It is also possible that in the sense of economical aspects and in view of an already excisting infrastructure, the combination with rainwater harvesting and grey water recyclingshoul be continued. For the development of the responsible treat with water in municipales in general, the elements of ecosan technologies as well as rainwater harvesting and water re-utilisation systems will become more and more important. The combination of both strategies will be a new task field referring to the planning, installation, operation and maintenance. Therefore further research projekts and modell test are required.

rainwater

The UK practice of using mains water to supply all our water needs is needlessly wasteful, both financially and environmentally. Mains water is expensively purified to drinking water standards - but much of the water is used for non-potable purposes, like flushing toilets, cleaning and gardening. Harvested rainwater can be substituted for mains water, saving money and contributing to the protection of a key natural resource.

MEMBEDAH SUHU PANAS DI INDONESIA

Oleh : M.SYARIF TJAN *)

Dalam beberapa hari belakangan ini, kita terkejut dengan media massa tentang kenaikan suhu udara yang tidak umum terjadi di Kota Surabaya. Menurut catatan Badan Meteorologi dan Geofisika (BMG) Surabaya, suhu udara di Kota Surabaya telah mencapai 450C dan akan bertahan minimal sampai akhir bulan Nopember. Kita pasti bertanya-tanya, fenomena apa ini?

Analisis dari BMG menyebutkan, kondisi seperti ini disebabkan karena pergerakan matahari dari khatulistiwa ke arah selatan melewati beberapa wilayah di Indonesia sampai beberapa derajat, sehingga secara otomatis akan menaikkan suhu di daerah-daerah tersebut. Akan tetapi, kenapa peristiwa pergeseran matahari yang berlangsung setiap tahun, dampak yang luar biasa hanya kita rasakan saat ini? Kenapa di masa lalu tidak terjadi kenaikan suhu sampai ekstrim seperti sekarang ini? Jawaban dari semua pertanyaan tersebut adalah Pemanasan Global (Global Warming).

Pemanasan Global (Global Warming)?

Pemanasan global adalah fenomena meningkatnya suhu rata-rata permukaan bumi akibat akumulasi panas yang tertahan di atmosfer. Adanya pemanasan global akan diikuti oleh perubahan iklim yang berdampak pada munculnya musim panas yang berkepanjangan disebabkan kenaikan suhu yang sangat ekstrim.

Penyebab utama pemanasan global adalah adanya efek rumah kaca di atmosfer bumi. Efek rumah kaca (ERK) merupakan fenomena dimana gelombang pendek radiasi matahari menembus atmosfer dan berubah menjadi gelombang panjang. Setelah mencapai permukaan bumi, sebagian gelombang tersebut dipantulkan kembali ke atmosfer. Namun tidak seluruh gelombang panjang itu dilepaskan ke angkasa luar. Sebagian dipantulkan kembali oleh lapisan gas rumah kaca di atmosfer ke permukaan bumi sehingga meningkatkan suhu di permukaan bumi.

Gas rumah kaca (GRK) adalah gas-gas yang diemisikan dari berbagai kegiatan manusia, yang mampu meneruskan gelombang pendek dan mengubahnya menjadi gelombang yang lebih panjang. Selain itu, GRK juga memiliki kemampuan meneruskan sebagian gelombang panjang dan memantulkan gelombang panjang lainnya. Dalam Protokol Kyoto terdapat enam jenis GRK, yaitu karbondioksida (CO2), nitroksida (N2O), methana (CH4), sulfurheksafluorida (SF6), perfluorokarbon (PFC) dan hidrofluorokarbon (HFC).

Sebenarnya, secara alami, efek rumah kaca telah terjadi sejak adanya atmosfer bumi dan efek inilah yang telah memungkinkan suhu bumi menjadi lebih hangat dan layak dihuni. Para ahli mengatakan tanpa adanya efek rumah kaca, suhu bumi akan 33oC lebih dingin dibandingkan saat ini. Akan tetapi, perkembangan populasi dan aktivitas manusia terutama sejak revolusi industri di pertengahan abad XIX, telah meningkatkan emisi GRK dengan laju yang sangat tinggi dan efek rumah kaca yang terjadi di atmosfer semakin kuat.

GRK dihasilkan dari beberapa kegiatan, yaitu pemanfaatan energi yang berlebihan, kerusakan hutan, serta pertanian dan peternakan. Pemanfaatan energi yang berlebihan, terutama energi fosil, merupakan sumber utama emisi GRK. Hutan yang semakin rusak, baik karena kejadian alam maupun pembalakan liar akan menambah jumlah GRK yang diemisikan ke atmosfer dan akan menurunkan fungsi hutan sebagai penghambat perubahan iklim. Demikian pula halnya dengan kegiatan peternakan dan pertanian yang merupakan penyumbang gas metana yang kekuatannya 21 kali lebih besar daripada gas karbondioksida.

Dampak Pemanasan Global

Mengingat perubahan iklim bersifat global, maka dampak yang ditimbulkannya pun akan bersifat global pula. Tidak ada daerah yang akan luput dari dampak perubahan iklim, perbedaannya hanya pada tingkat dampak yang dirasakan serta kemampuan untuk beradaptasi.

Dalam skala global, perubahan iklim akan mengakibatkan terjadinya pencairan lapisan es. Pencairan ini tidak hanya terjadi di daerah kutub tetapi juga di beberapa puncak gunung yang selama ini dipercaya ditutupi lapisan es abadi. Sejak dekade 1960-an, lapisan es yang menyelimuti bumi ini telah berkurang sebanyak 10 persen. Mencairnya lapisan es memberikan dampak berupa peningkatan volume air di permukaan bumi secara keseluruhan, terutama volume air laut sehingga tinggi muka air laut akan meningkat. Jika ini terjadi, dapat dibayangkan daerah pesisir akan berubah dari daratan menjadi lautan. Studi yang dilakukan oleh Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) menyatakan bahwa dalam 100 tahun terakhir telah terjadi peningkatan permukaan air laut setinggi 10-25 cm dan diperkirakan pada tahun 2100 akan mencapai 15-95 cm.

Dengan naiknya permukaan air laut, banyak pulau kecil di Indonesia yang tenggelam. Diperkirakan sekitar 2.000 pulau akan hilang dari wilayah Indonesia. Akibatnya, nelayan yang tinggal di sepanjang pantai akan kehilangan bukan saja tempat tinggal serta infrastruktur pendukung, tetapi juga mata pencahariannya. Kenaikan air laut juga akan merusak ekosistem hutan bakau (mangrove), serta mengubah sifat biofisik dan biokimia di zona pesisir. Masalah lain yang ditimbulkan adalah memburuknya kualitas air tanah di perkotaan akibat intrusi (perembesan) air laut. Intrusi air laut juga mempengaruhi kondisi sungai dan danau. Kerusakan juga akan terjadi pada banyak infrakstruktur kota akibat salinitas air laut.

Dampak perubahan iklim juga dirasakan di Indonesia. Tidak dapat disangkal lagi, karena kondisi geografis dan topografisnya, Indonesia termasuk negara yang rawan terhadap dampak perubahan iklim. Di Indonesia sendiri telah terjadi peningkatan suhu udara sebesar 0,3oC sejak tahun 1990. Dan di tahun 1998, suhu udara mencapai titik lebih tinggi, yaitu sekitar 1oC di atas suhu rata-rata tahun 1961-1990. Bahkan, yang terbaru, pada bulan oktober 2008, suhu udara mencapai level 380C, tertinggi sepanjang sejarah.

Dampak lain yang diperkirakan terjadi akibat perubahan iklim adalah tak menentunya pola curah hujan. Ketidakpastian musim akan mengganggu para petani dalam menjalankan kegiatannya. Bukan hanya musim tanam yang tak menentu, melainkan juga kegagalan panen akibat kemarau panjang atau hujan yang berlebih. Peningkatan intensitas hujan akan menimbulkan banjir yang kemudian menyebabkan produksi padi menurun karena sawah terendam air. Tingginya curah hujan juga mengakibatkan hilangnya lahan dan erosi tanah. Akibatnya, kerugian pada sektor pertanian mencapai US$ 6 milyar pertahun.

Sektor kehutanan pun akan menerima dampak dari perubahan iklim ini. Ketidakmampuan beberapa jenis flora dan fauna untuk beradaptasi akan mengakibatkan terjadinya perubahan komposisi ekologi hutan. Spesies yang tidak mampu beradaptasi akan punah sementara spesies yang lebih kuat akan berkembang tak terkendali. Selain itu, panjang serta keringnya musim kemarau telah memacu peningkatan terjadinya kebakaran hutan.

Dampak lain dari perubahan iklim di Indonesia adalah dalam bidang sosial dan ekonomi. Pada tahun 2000 kerugian akibat banjir, kebakaran hutan serta musim kemarau di Indonesia berjumlah US$ 150 milyar dan menelan korban jiwa sebanyak 690. Sementara studi yang dilakukan memperkirakan kerugian tahunan di sektor pertanian sebesar Rp. 23 milyar, di sektor pariwisata Rp. 4 milyar dan dana perbaikan infrastruktur pesisir sekitar Rp. 42 milyar.

Saatnya kita sadar!

Melihat dampak yang begitu besar, bukan tidak mungkin bangsa kita akan mengalami kehancuran yang hebat disebabkan oleh pemanasan global. Misalnya, kenaikan suhu secara ekstrim akan terjadi terus-menerus, bahkan bisa mematikan kehidupan beberapa flora dan fauna di Indonesia. Jika ini terjadi, keseimbangan ekosistem akan terganggu yang secara otomatis akan mengganggu kehidupan umat manusia.

Oleh karena itu, sudah saatnya bagi kita untuk menyadari akan pentingnya pelestarian alam. Sebisa mungkin kita harus bisa mereduksi pemanasan global melalui usaha-usaha yang bijaksana, seperti menghemat penggunaan energi fosil, mengurangi deforestrasi dan memperbaiki sistem pertanian dan peternakan secara terpadu, sehingga diharapkan bangsa kita bisa menjadi penyumbang terbesar di dunia dalam mereduksi GRK dan bisa menjadi bangsa yang besar dan bermartabat. Semoga!

Senin, 20 Oktober 2008

AIR DAN MASA DEPAN KOTA TERNATE

OLEH : M.SYARIF TJAN

Salah satu masalah pelik yang dihadapi Kota Ternate saat ini adalah bagaimana menyelaraskan antara pembangunan fisik kota dengan upaya-upaya pelestarian lingkungan hidup. Variabel utama problem lingkungan hidup di Kota Ternate lebih banyak disebabkan adanya pertambahan jumlah penduduk yang semakin meningkat dari tahun ke tahun membawa implikasi pada peningkatan pembangunan perumahan dan sarana kota lainnya sehingga cenderung memperkecil lahan kota.

Upaya pemerintah Kota Ternate melakukan reklamasi pantai sebagai salah satu jawaban menjawab kondisi tersebut, patut diacungi jempol. Pembangunan reklamasi disatu sisi bisa menjawab masalah kekurangan lahan kota dan namun disisi lain tidak serta merta menjawab masalah pokok ketersediaan air tanah. Pada pasca operasi, pembangunan diatas lahan reklamasi membawa konsekwensi penggunaan air yang besar pula, sehingga memperbesar daya eksplorasi air tanah.

Disamping itu, kekeliruan perencanaan tata ruang Kota Ternate masa lalu yang tidak berwawasan lingkungan, membuat pemerintah Kota Ternate harus kerja ektra ketat. Secara kasat mata, dapat kita amati, bahwa sebagian besar kantong-kantong air di Kota Ternate telah tertutupi bangunan dan jalan. Fungsi resapan air menjadi terganggu, kantong air tanah yang tadinya harus terisi pada saat hujan tidak dapat lagi menerima suplai air hujan sebagai cadangan air tanah karena telah tertutupi beton sehingga menggangu keseimbangan siklus hidrologi. Hal ini diperparah lagi dengan adanya pembangunan pemukiman baru yang dibangun pada kawasan resapan (recharge area).

Sebagai warga kota kita patut bersukur karena bentuk topografi kota Ternate yang cenderung tinggi dan berlereng sehingga tidak mengakibatkan banjir besar sebagaimana yang dialami kota – kota lain di Indonesia. Pada musim hujan pada awal januari lalu, Kota Ternate boleh dibilang tidak mengalami bencana banjir. Toh, kalau pun ada itu hanyalah bentuk genangan air akibat tersumbat saluran drainase kota dan fenomena limpasan air (run off ) sehingga menyebabkan terjadinya luapan air dari selokan ke jalan raya dan itu pun hanya berlangsung sesaaat. Begitu hujan selesai, genangan air juga ikut hilang. Atau dengan kata lain pada kondisi curah hujan yang tinggi, Kota Ternate sangat mustahil di terpa bencana banjir. Air dengan cepatnya mengalir ke laut tanpa sedikit pun masuk ke dalam tanah.

Kondisi ini kalau dibiarkan terus - menerus selain berdampak pada penurunan daya dukung volume air tanah untuk memenuhi kebutuhan domestik maupun industri di Kota Ternate, juga memberikan dampak tersier pada aspek –aspek lain. Secara umum ada beberapa dampak tersier yang dapat ditimbulkan dari adanya penurunan kuantitas volume air tanah. Pertama, kondisi penurunan air tanah akan berdampak pada penurunan muka tanah (land subsidence). Permukaan tanah yang tadinya disangga oleh volume air, akan bergerak secara gravitasi mengisi kekosongan tersebut, Kalau ini yang terjadi maka secara perlahan-lahan permukaan tanah kota ternate akan mengalami penurunan dengan sendirinya.Sehingga sekali lagi tanpa meminta-minta bencana datang, kota Ternate akan tenggelam ditelan bumi.

Kedua, Penurunan air tanah akan mempercepat terjadinya proses intrusi air laut. Ketika kantong air tanah kering, maka keseimbangan hidrostatik antara air bawah tanah dan air bawah tanah asin di sekitar daerah pantai menjadi terganggu. Dalam kondisi ini terjadi pergerakan air bawah tanah asin/air laut ke arah darat dan terjadilah intrusi air laut. Sehingga dapat menurunkan kualitas air tanah. Air menjadi tidak layak lagi untuk dikonsumsi sebagai air minum.

PERLU KONSERVASI AIR TANAH

Air tanah merupakan sumberdaya alam terbarukan (renewable natural resources) saat ini telah memainkan peran penting pada penyediaan pasokan kebutuhan air bagi berbagai keperluan. Masyarakat, baik perseorangan maupun kelompok membutuhkan air untuk keperluan sehari-hari dan untuk kebutuhan lainnya. Dari berbagai macam kebutuhan tersebut, maka air untuk keperluan minum merupakan prioritas utama, di atas segala keperluan yang lain. Hal ini berarti fungsi air sebagai air minum harus diupayakan sebaik-baiknya agar memenuhi persyaratan kualitas dan kuantitasnya, serta digunakan sebaik-baiknya bagi kebutuhan mahkluk hidup.

Menurut data Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2003), potensi airtanah di Indonesia relatif cukup besar, yaitu 4,7 x 109 m3/tahun yang tersebar di 224 cekungan air tanah. Penyebaran potensi airtanah tersebut antara lain di Pulau Jawa dan Madura sebesar 1,172 x 109 m3/tahun (24.9 %); pulau Sumatera 1,0 x 109 m3/tahun (21.3 %); Pulau Sulawesi 358 x 106 m3/tahun (7.6 %), Papua sebesar 217 x 106 m3/tahun (4.6 %) dan Kalimantan sebesar 830 x 106 m3/tahun (17.7 %); sedangkan sisanya sebesar 1.123 x 106 m3/tahun (23.9 %) berada di pulau-pulau lainnya termasuk Maluku Utara. Adapun kebutuhan air terbesar berdasarkan sektor kegiatan adalah kebutuhan air untuk kegiatan pertanian (irigasi), domestik, dan industri.

Mengingat peran air bawah tanah semakin penting, maka pemanfaatan air bawah tanah harus didasarkan pada asas keseimbangan dan kelestarian. Atau dengan kata lain pemanfaatan air bawah tanah harus berwawasan lingkungan dan berkelanjutan. Artinya Jumlah air tanah yang dimanfaatkan hendakn­ya seimbang dengan jumlah air yang terbentuk. Pemanfaatan yang melebihi kapasitasnya tanpa memikirkan upaya pengisiannya kembali air tanah ibarat memenuhi kebutuhan manusia sambil menyusun bencana krisis air di Kota Ternate.

Dalam konteks inilah, upaya konservasi sumber daya air di Kota Ternate menjadi mutlak diperlukan dan tak bisa ditawar-tawar lagi. Musim hujan harus dipandang sebagai berkah bagi warga kota, karena hujan merupakan sumber daya untuk melakukan konservasi air bawah tanah di Kota Ternate. Paling tidak ada beberapa pendekatan teknis yang dapat dilakukan dalam upaya mengisi kembali air tanah di Kota Ternate.

Pertama, dengan menggunakan pendekatan teknis hidrologis, yaitu dengan membuat sumur resapan diatas permukaan kantong air guna mengisi kantong air yang telah kosong. Rencana Pemkot Ternate membangun sumur resapan merupakan salah satu manifestasi dari kemauan baik ( political will ) Pemkot Ternate dalam mewujudkan pembangunan berwawasan lingkungan ( sustainable development ) sebagaimana yang di utarakan Walikota Ternate beberapa waktu lalu dikoran ini, dan ini harus diacungi jempol.

Namun demikian, upaya pembuatan sumur resapan harus dilakukan dengan effisien dan serasional mungkin. Artinya perencanaan pembuatan sumur resapan tidak sekedar membuat dan menjadikannya sebagai proyek semata, tetapi perencanaannya harus didasarkan pada asas kebutuhan. Kalau diasumsikan setiap rumah harus dipasangi 1 buah sumur resapan, maka paling sedikit 15 ribu sumur resapan harus dibuat Pemkot Ternate. Kalau kita asumsikan biaya konstruksi satu sumur resapan menelan anggaran kurang lebih 3 juta, maka Pemkot Ternate harus menyisihkan APBD dan DAK paling sedikit 45 Milyar untuk memenuhi pencapaian pembuatan sumur resapan tersebut. Sebuah mega proyek yang cukup fantastis.

Selain dengan sumur resapan, metode pengisian air tanah di Kota Ternate dapat juga dilakukan dengan cara spreading yaitu dengan memanfaatkan sungai ( barangka mati ).Penyebaran air dapat dilakukan dengan membuat lubang pada dasar barangka mati, sehingga pada saat musim hujan luapan air yang berasal dari darinase perkotaan dialirkan ke badan barangka mati yang selanjutnya meresap kedalam tanah.

Alternatif lain juga bisa dilakukan dengan cara resapan biopori,dimana air akan di injeksi masuk ke dalam tanah melali lubang pori. Cara ini selain dapat mengisi air tanah, juga dapat menyuburkan tanah pekarangan. Karena selain terbentuknya rongga pada tanah, resapan biopori juga “diaktifkan” dengan memberikan sampah organik didalamnya, sehingga menjadi sumber energi bagi organisme tanah untuk melakukan kegiatan melalui proses dekomposisi yang akhirnya menghasilkan kompos.Cara ini selain tidak mahal, juga sederhana teknologinya dan dapat dilakukan oleh semua orang.

Selain pendekatan teknis diatas, upaya mengerem laju penurunan muka air tanah di Kota Ternate juga bisa dilakukan dengan pendekatan administratif. Dalam kerangka ini, peran DPRD Kota Ternate cukup strategis. DPRD Kota Ternate sudah saatnya memikirkan kerangka hukum lokal yang dapat memayungi laju penggunaan air oleh berbagai pihak. Perda tersebut harus didesain secara komprehensif dengan mengaitkan berbagai aspek yang dapat mengisolasi laju penurunan air tanah, misalnya dengan mengaitkan permohonan IMB maupun pemutihan IMB dengan kewajiban membangun sumur resapan. Membatasi penggunaan sumber air pada kedalaman di atas 60 meter di Kota Ternate, serta membatasi pembangunan baru di kawasan resapan air.

Penulis adalah, Mahasiswa Program Pasca Sarjana ( Magister Sistem Teknik UGM )Yogyakarta